Switzerland and neutrality towards belligerents - a system of conflict limitation

March 2022: the first crack in Swiss neutrality Summary and historical context of the article “Switzerland and neutrality towards belligerents: a system of conflict limitation” by Niccolò Salvioni, published on LinkedIn and Academia.edu on 2 March 2022 The context: two days after the turning point in Bern This article – the first in a series of reflections on neutrality that the author has been developing for years – was written in the heat of the moment, just two days after an event which, with the benefit of hindsight, can now be seen as a watershed in contemporary Swiss foreign policy. On Monday 28 February 2022, four days after the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Federal Council announced at an extraordinary press conference that it was adopting the economic sanctions against Russia already decided by the European Union, freezing the assets of Putin, Lavrov, Mishustin and all members of the Duma who had voted to recognise the separatist regions of Ukraine. The President of the Swiss Confederation, Ignazio Cassis, declared that “playing the aggressor’s game is not compatible with our neutrality” – a statement which, on its own, overturns two centuries of the doctrine of equidistance. On the same day, the National Council passed a resolution condemning the war: for the first time, the executive and legislative branches simultaneously sided with one belligerent against the other. The Russian daily *Novaya Gazeta* dryly commented that “Switzerland has, for the first time since 1815, violated the neutrality it maintained even during the First and Second World Wars”. These were days when everything was still in flux: Moscow had not reacted officially, Lavrov was unable to reach Geneva due to closed airspace, and China – as Salvioni himself notes – offered its mediation at precisely that time, as if to step into a role that Switzerland was leaving vacant. The content: a question that remains open The text analyses the decision in the light of classical doctrine: Swiss permanent neutrality – recognised by the Congress of Vienna and the Treaty of Paris of 1815, and still enshrined today in Articles 183 and 185 of the Federal Constitution – imposes a duty of non-participation and impartiality towards all belligerents; not an obligation of schematic equidistance, but a prohibition on unjustified discriminatory treatment. Citing the classical definition by Vitzthum and Proelss, the author points out that the regime of rights and duties of neutral states is ‘an important instrument for limiting conflicts’: by distinguishing between neutral states and belligerent states, international law prevents the conflict from spreading. The central question of the paper – “Is the position adopted by the Federal Council and the National Council compatible with Switzerland’s status of perpetual neutrality?” – is deliberately left without a definitive answer. The text observes that the decision, whilst taken in good faith and with humanitarian aims towards Ukraine, has in fact precluded Switzerland from playing the role of an impartial mediator between the parties, further alienating Russia not only from Bern but from Europe itself. Only the future, he writes, will tell whether Switzerland will continue to be regarded as perpetually neutral. Looking back: a prediction that came true More than four years on, this first piece reads like the opening act of an argumentative framework that the author would go on to develop in dozens of subsequent articles. On 25 April 2022 – less than two months later – the author published a second in-depth analysis (“Swiss neutrality and sanctions”), which put the value of assets already frozen at 7.5 billion francs and formalised the argument that the principle of ‘courant normal’ had been violated. From there, the scope of the argument gradually broadened: Switzerland’s accession to the European Sky Shield Initiative in October 2024, its participation in the Council of Europe’s Special Tribunal on the Russian Aggression, the freezing of over 13 billion francs’ worth of Russian assets, right up to the National Council’s declaration of 6 March 2025 on an “independent European security policy” and a constitutional referendum now scheduled for 27 September 2026 on the “Safeguarding Swiss Neutrality” initiative. Even the latest chapter in this escalation – the 39 per cent US tariffs imposed on Switzerland in August 2025, higher than those applied to the EU and NATO – confirms, according to the author, that neutral autonomy, far from being protected, is now perceived by the major powers as an anomaly to be corrected. Rereading this text from 2 March 2022 therefore means returning to the exact moment when the question ‘Is Switzerland still neutral?’ began to be raised with institutional urgency – a question that the forthcoming referendum on 27 September 2026 may well be called upon to settle.

ITEN